The styling of Chinese furniture in the past generations has been continuously innovating and developing with the advancement of history. Whether it is elegant and rustic folk furniture, or elaborately decorated and decorated palace furniture; whether it represents the ideology of the general public or the arrogance of the ruling class, it is infiltrated with the blood and sweat of the craftsmen of the past generations, more or less reflecting People's auspicious wishes, happiness pursuits, customs and appreciations, embody the aesthetic laws and image rules of art. Many of the best works from generation to generation have mastered the profound skills of the superb skills, including the wedge-eyed imagination, the security, the connection angle, the curved curvature, and the balanced layout of the force. of.
According to historical records, as early as in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, fine patterns such as crepe and moiré have been seen on bronzes. The initial woodware has a decorative and practical shape. By the time of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the wood industry had produced tools such as axe, saw, chisel, and shovel, and the measurement also had rules. In the production, the dovetail, embossed, and cut shoulder structures have been used in furniture. During the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, the types of furniture developed into beds, several cases, screens, cabinets, boxes, hangers and other types. However, because the habit of the time was sitting on the ground, the furniture was generally short. The cases in the Han Dynasty were mostly placed in front of the bed or on the side of the bed, and the case became wider and longer. During this period, the Hu bed was passed down from the Western Region to the Central Plains, but it was popular among the court and the nobility.
During the period of the Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the exchange of culture and art between the various nationalities and sects also allowed the furniture of all ethnic groups to be absorbed in each other in terms of shape and function. Although people are still used to sit on the ground, the bed has been more common in the Central Plains, and there are many forms of high-sitting, such as armchairs, stools, etc., beds and couches have begun to increase and increase, and some have a top account to suppress Dust, four sides are also surrounded by a detachable low screen.
By the time of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, the maturity of building technology has promoted the transformation of the furniture form and the further development of the types. The way of sitting down and the folks, and the habit of sitting on the ground at the same time exist, this has the situation of high and low furniture coexistence, circle armchair, long bench, waist drum stool, back chair, top account screen, etc. The new form of furniture is more reasonable, the scale is also in harmony with the proportion of the human body, and some parts are also engraved with curved patterns.
From the time of the Song Dynasty, the way of sitting with the foot was completely popular among the people. High-grade furniture such as bed cabinets, tables and chairs, and large cases with mud were common, and some new-shaped furniture appeared. This is reflected in the image of "The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival". Due to the influence of the building structure, the beam-column frame structure has become popular. The leg surface of the table case has been decorated with the tooth head. Some of the table tops also have a waistband with the teeth, and some of the teeth are bulging outward. The legs are bent to make an inward hook or outwardly turned horseshoe shape, and the decorative line type also appears more. The furniture of the Yuan Dynasty followed the tradition of the Song Dynasty but also developed. For example, the system of Luoguoyu and Bawangyu appeared, which laid the foundation for the development of Ming and Qing furniture.
In the Ming Dynasty, the development of furniture reached a golden age. The economic and cultural exchanges between China and other countries tend to be frequent. In addition to the introduction of precious woods in Southeast Asia and other places, the furniture is more graded in terms of material selection, and the beautifully colored, colorful and delicate yellow rosewood is widely used. The shape is very simple and clear, and the process production and use functions have reached an unprecedented peak. Whether through existing objects or according to relevant books, paintings and other materials, it can be found that the variety and style of furniture in this period are extremely rich and colorful, forming several major categories. The concept of a complete set of furniture has been formed, and the arrangement method is usually symmetrical, such as a table or two chairs or a set of four stools. Due to the extensive use of precious wood with high texture and high strength, the structure of the enamel made of furniture is extremely precise, the profile of the member is simple and simple, the work of the decorative line is meticulous, the process reaches a very high level, and the innovation in the style is combined with Ming Dynasty furniture has formed a unique style of simplicity, elegance, dignity, rich flavor, and softness and softness. Such as circle chair, official hat chair, rose chair, rounded cabinet, Wanli cabinet, squat case, Arhat bed, etc. are typical styles of Ming Dynasty furniture. Ming style furniture is not only a treasure in the treasure house of Chinese culture and art, but also a wonderful work in the history of world furniture. Here, just taking the technique of the edge of the edge as an example, we can make us see the scientific nature of the Ming style furniture and the aesthetic law it contains.
The edge technique refers to a method of first making a frame when making a table top or a chair surface, then slotting the inner cross section, and then assembling a thin plate (or a core plate) into a furniture face. Some of the heartboards are flush with the borders, and some of the hearts are slightly lower than the borders. The practice is different and the effect is good. This method allows the core plate to be grooved, thereby concealing the rough cross section of the wood, so that the furniture reveals a smooth and smooth longitudinal surface, and exerts the natural beauty of the material texture color. In addition, the core plate is worn with a belt to fit the frame, even if the thin plate has The strength of the slabs saves material. In addition, the heart plate will shrink and contract due to the change of the dryness and wetness of the season, but there is room left in the groove, which will not affect other structures. If the heartboard is made of different materials (such as wenge, eucalyptus), it can also show different effects and is also very beautiful.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the furniture inherited the style of the previous generation, and the shape structure did not change much. Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong three generations of "prosperous world", the ideology of the material life enjoyment of the officials and the nobles are concentrated in the glory and rich interior furnishings. The use of all kinds of exquisite craftsmanship, blending the shape of Ming Dynasty furniture, makes the Qing Dynasty furniture form a unique style different from the Ming Dynasty. Beginning in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the furniture styling emphasizes the stability and heavyness of the majestic temperament, the decoration is luxuriant and more auspicious, the means of creation brings together the superb skills of carving, embedding, painting, lacquer, etc. The craftsmanship is even more exquisite, which is another unprecedented in the history of furniture in China. Developed period. In the late Qing Dynasty, due to political and historical reasons, foreign advanced science and technology affected China's politics, economy, and culture, and the combination of Chinese and Western furniture spread in China, but the decoration of relief and silk flowers was still a Chinese tradition. Ruiqing pattern.
Looking at the furniture of the Qing Dynasty, we can see that there are several characteristics. First, it changed the characteristics of the previous generation's sculpt and style, and replaced it with the characteristics of calmness, honesty and solemnity, highlighting the complicated carving and giving another enjoyment of fresh and elegant beauty. Second, the materials are excellent, the materials are abundant, and the skills are delicate. Regardless of the size of the parts, more than one wooden, the pursuit of rich and not sturdy materials, in order to achieve the effect of luxury.
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