In the new century, the development of the economy is still inseparable from the quality and environmental protection. The global trend of quality certification and environmental certification has prompted China's packaging industry to sum up experience in a timely manner in order to respond to the times.
After China's accession to the WTO, the level of China’s opening to the outside world will further increase, the pace of the open economy will accelerate, and the amount of international trade will increase substantially. The task that China's packaging industry shoulders is even more arduous, and the international certification of product packaging is also more urgent and important. Therefore, reviewing the status of certification in the 20th century and discussing certification measures in the 21st century are very beneficial to improving the competitiveness of China's product packaging in the international market.
1Quality certification is in droves The global ISO has released the implementation of the quality management system standard since January 1987. Since then, there has been an upsurge of ISO9000 quality certification activities around the world. By the end of December 1999, the 1994 version of the ISO 9000 standard had been equivalently converted into national standards in more than 150 countries around the world. In the first half of 2000, the International Organization for Standardization revised and supplemented ISO 9000, and a more complete 2000 version of the ISO 9000 standard was about to be promulgated.
Quality is the life of the organization and the number of quality certifications is rapidly increasing. According to the statistics of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), in 1999, the number of ISO9000 certificates issued by over 150 countries was 434,600, an increase of 26.40% over the certificates issued by 141 countries in the previous year. Before that, the annual growth rate in 1998 was 21.74%, in 1997 it was 37.31%, and in 1996 it was 27.76%. In the rapid growth of quality certification, developed regions are at the leading level. Among them, the number of European certifications still ranks first, and the total number of certifications is 190,200, and it has maintained a rapid growth. In 1999, there was a net increase of 23,900 certificates; including China, Japan, South Korea and ASEAN. In the Far East, the total number of certificates is 56,500, which ranks second in all regions in the world; and in North America (the United States, Canada, and Mexico), there are 11,600 certificates for net increase in 1999 with an annual growth rate of 34. .60%. It can be seen that all countries attach importance to this.
In the process of quality certification, developed countries have obvious advantages, and developing large countries are also among the top. According to statistics, as of the end of December 1999, the top ten countries in the total number of certifications were: 64,000 in the UK, 33,000 in the United States, 30,100 in Germany, 22,800 in Australia, There are 21,000 Italians, 16.00 million French, 15,100 Chinese, 14,600 Japanese, 11,500 South Korean and 10,600 Canadian. The eleventh and twelfth places are Brazil and India respectively. The total number of certifications for the top ten countries in 1999 was 240,000, accounting for 70% of the global total. In addition, according to the ranking of the net increase in the year of 1999, Australia ranks first and the United States ranks second, followed by the third to sixth in order: China, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The sum of the net increase of certification certificates for the above six countries was more than 40,000, accounting for 56% of the total global net increase of the year.
The survey data shows that the ratio of cancellation and cancellation of quality certification certificates is very low. By the end of 1999, the total number of globally cancelled and cancelled certificates was 0.98, accounting for only 2.87% of the total number of certificates. The low percentage of withdrawals and cancellations indicates that all countries in the world have a positive attitude towards ISO9000 certification. The units that China has cancelled and canceled due to various reasons should also attract the attention of relevant parties in China.
2 Environmental certifications to protect the earth On January 1, 1996, after the International Organization for Standardization promulgated and implemented standards for environmental management systems, ISO14000 environmental certifications were gradually developed in various countries around the world. The emerging international environmental certification has the following characteristics:
First, the statistical data of ISO shows that the number of global environmental protection certifications has shown rapid growth. In 1999, 84 countries issued 1.41 million ISO14000 environmental certifications, an increase of 78.85% over 1998. Such rapid growth shows that environmental protection is generally valued by countries.
Second, developed countries have an advantage in the global ISO14000 environmental certification. The top ten countries in 1999 for certification were: 3015 in Japan, 1,492 in Britain, 962 in Germany, 851 in Sweden, 708 in Australia, 636 in the United States, 573 in Spain, 543 in Switzerland, 470 in Finland, and 470 in France. 462 sheets. The total of the above 10 national certification certificates accounted for 68.85% of the total number of global environmental certification certificates. Japan has a global leading position with a high growth rate of 21.37%.
Third, the ratio of cancellation and cancellation of environmental certification certificates is extremely low. In 1999, the total number of ISO14000 certifications that were cancelled and written off worldwide was 83, accounting for only 0.59% of the total number of certificates.
Fourth, the development of the industry is similar to the quality certification, showing an integrated development trend. In the 1999 ISO 14000 environmental protection certification, 39 industries were counted, and the top three were electronics, electrical equipment, chemicals, and mechanical equipment. It can be seen that the distribution and sorting of industries that have obtained ISO14000 environmental certification and ISO9000 quality certification are very close to each other, and clearly show the similarity and integrated development trend of the industry distribution for both.
The rapid growth of environmental protection certifications shows that governments and related organizations in various countries are paying increasing attention to environmental protection. Take Japan's environmental certification in 1999 as an example. The statistical data of Japan's Association for Conformity Assessment and Accreditation (JAB) shows that more than 70% of organizations stated that implementing ISO 14000 and applying for certification is the organization’s own policy; 60% of organizations are In order to strengthen and promote environmental protection activities, 30% of the organizations expressed their desire to improve their corporate image; 20% of the organizations stated that they were in order to meet the requirements of laws and regulations; only 10% of the organizations stated that they were in order to meet the needs of the contract.
3 China certification is booming China's quality certification work has been developed in parallel with the international community and has achieved sustained and rapid growth in recent years. According to the latest statistical data on November 31, 2000, a total of 21,881 enterprises hold 21,962 state-approved quality system certifications (including 107 QS-9000 certificates), and 13,194 enterprises have obtained 60,580 product quality certification certificates. There are nearly 10,000 registered auditors in China. The development of ISO14000 environmental certification in China is relatively slow. There are just over 500 products that have obtained the national environmental label through environmental protection certification, and less than 10 in the packaging industry, while there are more than 7,500 types in Germany.
In January 1998, China's certification body signed the International Multilateral Recognition of Quality Management System Certification (IAF/MLA) in Guangzhou with the International Accreditation Forum (IAF). Because the IAF/MLA agreement has played an active role in international trade in organizations of corresponding countries, and holds ISO9000 certifications that are recognized by the country, more and more countries have expressed strong desire to join the IAF/MLA. So far, the IAF/M LA agreement has been ratified by 25 countries and two regional multilateral recognition agreement groups. In order to carry out global certification work and promote the development of international trade, the total of the 25 contracting countries and two group certification certificates currently awarded by the agreement has accounted for 90% of the total number of global certification certificates. Many companies in China have passed IAF/M LA certification.
4 The integration of certification trends As mentioned above, the ISO14000 environment system and the ISO9000 quality system audit, certification, accreditation and mutual recognition process and its management requirements have very similar characteristics, in order to avoid duplication of work, easy integration audit, certification, and approval In the coordination of mutual recognition, the International Organization for Standardization has taken measures to merge related international standards into integrated international standards.
The International Organization for Standardization has adopted ISO 10011-1 "Guidance on Quality System Auditing - Review", ISO10011-2 "Evaluation Criteria for Quality System Auditors", SO10011-3 "Management of Auditing Work" and ISO14010 "Guidance on Environmental Auditing - General The six criteria, including Principles, ISO14011 Environmental Management System Audit, and ISO14012 Eligibility Requirements for Environmental Auditors, were merged into one international standard, the new standard for the ISO19011 Quality and Environmental Management System Audit Guidelines. At present, ISO19011 has issued a DIS release at the end of 2000 and will be officially released as an international standard in 2001.
In addition, guidelines for the requirements of environmental certification and quality certification bodies will also be integrated into an international standard. With regard to the requirements of accreditation bodies, the current ISO/IEC Guide 61 applies to accreditation bodies for quality system certification, environmental protection system certification, product certification and personnel certification, and accredited institutions to carry out integrated quality and environmental management system certification body accreditation services. Fully applicable.
Regarding international multilaterally recognized policies and procedures for the certification of quality and environmental management systems, the current IAF's “Policy and Procedures for Multilaterally Recognized Agreements†is an integrated document that applies to both quality system certification, environmental system certification, and product certification. Recognition process.
All in all, the integration of ISO14000 and ISO9000 audits, certifications, accreditation and mutual recognition has become a global common demand and direction of development. In the new century, it will become the dominant international certification development.
5 Packaging industry certification measures 5.1 Strengthening international certification awareness With the advent of WTO accession and the rapid development of foreign trade during the “10th Five-Year Plan†period, the international certification of China's product packaging has become more necessary and more important. Many people's attention. Needless to say, at present, China's packaging companies are not fully aware of this. Some people think that international certification does not matter, and some people fear the expense of human and financial resources, and lack the sense of urgency brought about by China's accession to the WTO. It is suggested that the China Association of China’s China Association for Bags strengthen the publicity and leadership of international certification and keep up with the international situation.
5.2 Attention to Validity of Validity Validity of certification mainly includes: effectiveness of the management system established according to the certification standards; validity of the certificate; and effectiveness of the certification.
The effectiveness of the management system refers to whether the management system established by the company according to the standard has brought about results for the company to create business results. An effective management system should at least reflect the following aspects: (1) To achieve the organization's quality and environmental protection guidelines and objectives; (2) The continuous and stable product quality meets the requirements and improve, the product meets the environmental protection requirements; (3) Continuously improve the degree of customer satisfaction, that is, implement the CS strategy; (4) Continuous quality and environmental improvement mechanisms have been completed.
The validity of the certificate refers to whether the certificate held by the certificated company can be recognized and accepted by foreign customers, whether it can increase the credibility and market competitiveness of the product, and it can play a role in domestic trade activities in international trade.
5.3 Choosing an appropriate certification body "Scientific, fair, authoritative and effective" is the basic requirement and action guide for certification. Therefore, choosing the appropriate certification body can not only guarantee the validity of the certification work, but also effectively guarantee the enterprise certification. For example, the International Accreditation Forum's Multilateral Agreement on Certification (IAF/MLA) has 25 signatory countries and two regional groups, with a total of more than 50 countries, and the total number of its certification certificates has accounted for 90% of the world's total.
The IAF/MLA agreement has been signed by 25 countries: the United States, Canada, Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, France, Norway, Finland, South Africa, Ireland, Brazil, Malaysia. , Singapore, South Korea, Czech Republic and Belgium; the two regional multilateral recognition agreement groups are: European Accreditation Cooperation (EA, containing 14 countries) and Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (PAC, including 10 countries). In addition, Indonesia and Authorized institutions in two countries in Thailand have joined the PAC multilateral recognition agreement and will soon be officially accepted as new members of the IAF/M LA.
5.4 Strengthen the management of certification With the continuous and rapid development of the certification business, the influence of certification is increasing, and people are paying more and more attention. Maintaining and improving the effectiveness of certification, and maintaining the international reputation of certification, is the long-term goal of China's quality certification and environmental protection certification. Practice has proved that China’s certification work is highly effective. According to the survey conducted by the China National Accreditation Center for Conformity Assessment, more than 90% of certified companies (including packaging companies) have significantly improved their product quality and environmental protection.
5.5 Introduction to China's certification bodies At present, there are many certification bodies and certification consulting organizations in China. However, there are some problems in China's certification consulting industry, and there are many problems. For more than 20,000 packaging companies in China, it is necessary to properly select the appropriate certification body. Such as import and export products can be selected China Import and Export Quality Certification Center (CQC), which has branches in 34 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions nationwide to provide quality, environmental protection system certification and assessment work for various types of enterprises at home and abroad, and undertake the country Inspection, inspection
After China's accession to the WTO, the level of China’s opening to the outside world will further increase, the pace of the open economy will accelerate, and the amount of international trade will increase substantially. The task that China's packaging industry shoulders is even more arduous, and the international certification of product packaging is also more urgent and important. Therefore, reviewing the status of certification in the 20th century and discussing certification measures in the 21st century are very beneficial to improving the competitiveness of China's product packaging in the international market.
1Quality certification is in droves The global ISO has released the implementation of the quality management system standard since January 1987. Since then, there has been an upsurge of ISO9000 quality certification activities around the world. By the end of December 1999, the 1994 version of the ISO 9000 standard had been equivalently converted into national standards in more than 150 countries around the world. In the first half of 2000, the International Organization for Standardization revised and supplemented ISO 9000, and a more complete 2000 version of the ISO 9000 standard was about to be promulgated.
Quality is the life of the organization and the number of quality certifications is rapidly increasing. According to the statistics of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), in 1999, the number of ISO9000 certificates issued by over 150 countries was 434,600, an increase of 26.40% over the certificates issued by 141 countries in the previous year. Before that, the annual growth rate in 1998 was 21.74%, in 1997 it was 37.31%, and in 1996 it was 27.76%. In the rapid growth of quality certification, developed regions are at the leading level. Among them, the number of European certifications still ranks first, and the total number of certifications is 190,200, and it has maintained a rapid growth. In 1999, there was a net increase of 23,900 certificates; including China, Japan, South Korea and ASEAN. In the Far East, the total number of certificates is 56,500, which ranks second in all regions in the world; and in North America (the United States, Canada, and Mexico), there are 11,600 certificates for net increase in 1999 with an annual growth rate of 34. .60%. It can be seen that all countries attach importance to this.
In the process of quality certification, developed countries have obvious advantages, and developing large countries are also among the top. According to statistics, as of the end of December 1999, the top ten countries in the total number of certifications were: 64,000 in the UK, 33,000 in the United States, 30,100 in Germany, 22,800 in Australia, There are 21,000 Italians, 16.00 million French, 15,100 Chinese, 14,600 Japanese, 11,500 South Korean and 10,600 Canadian. The eleventh and twelfth places are Brazil and India respectively. The total number of certifications for the top ten countries in 1999 was 240,000, accounting for 70% of the global total. In addition, according to the ranking of the net increase in the year of 1999, Australia ranks first and the United States ranks second, followed by the third to sixth in order: China, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The sum of the net increase of certification certificates for the above six countries was more than 40,000, accounting for 56% of the total global net increase of the year.
The survey data shows that the ratio of cancellation and cancellation of quality certification certificates is very low. By the end of 1999, the total number of globally cancelled and cancelled certificates was 0.98, accounting for only 2.87% of the total number of certificates. The low percentage of withdrawals and cancellations indicates that all countries in the world have a positive attitude towards ISO9000 certification. The units that China has cancelled and canceled due to various reasons should also attract the attention of relevant parties in China.
2 Environmental certifications to protect the earth On January 1, 1996, after the International Organization for Standardization promulgated and implemented standards for environmental management systems, ISO14000 environmental certifications were gradually developed in various countries around the world. The emerging international environmental certification has the following characteristics:
First, the statistical data of ISO shows that the number of global environmental protection certifications has shown rapid growth. In 1999, 84 countries issued 1.41 million ISO14000 environmental certifications, an increase of 78.85% over 1998. Such rapid growth shows that environmental protection is generally valued by countries.
Second, developed countries have an advantage in the global ISO14000 environmental certification. The top ten countries in 1999 for certification were: 3015 in Japan, 1,492 in Britain, 962 in Germany, 851 in Sweden, 708 in Australia, 636 in the United States, 573 in Spain, 543 in Switzerland, 470 in Finland, and 470 in France. 462 sheets. The total of the above 10 national certification certificates accounted for 68.85% of the total number of global environmental certification certificates. Japan has a global leading position with a high growth rate of 21.37%.
Third, the ratio of cancellation and cancellation of environmental certification certificates is extremely low. In 1999, the total number of ISO14000 certifications that were cancelled and written off worldwide was 83, accounting for only 0.59% of the total number of certificates.
Fourth, the development of the industry is similar to the quality certification, showing an integrated development trend. In the 1999 ISO 14000 environmental protection certification, 39 industries were counted, and the top three were electronics, electrical equipment, chemicals, and mechanical equipment. It can be seen that the distribution and sorting of industries that have obtained ISO14000 environmental certification and ISO9000 quality certification are very close to each other, and clearly show the similarity and integrated development trend of the industry distribution for both.
The rapid growth of environmental protection certifications shows that governments and related organizations in various countries are paying increasing attention to environmental protection. Take Japan's environmental certification in 1999 as an example. The statistical data of Japan's Association for Conformity Assessment and Accreditation (JAB) shows that more than 70% of organizations stated that implementing ISO 14000 and applying for certification is the organization’s own policy; 60% of organizations are In order to strengthen and promote environmental protection activities, 30% of the organizations expressed their desire to improve their corporate image; 20% of the organizations stated that they were in order to meet the requirements of laws and regulations; only 10% of the organizations stated that they were in order to meet the needs of the contract.
3 China certification is booming China's quality certification work has been developed in parallel with the international community and has achieved sustained and rapid growth in recent years. According to the latest statistical data on November 31, 2000, a total of 21,881 enterprises hold 21,962 state-approved quality system certifications (including 107 QS-9000 certificates), and 13,194 enterprises have obtained 60,580 product quality certification certificates. There are nearly 10,000 registered auditors in China. The development of ISO14000 environmental certification in China is relatively slow. There are just over 500 products that have obtained the national environmental label through environmental protection certification, and less than 10 in the packaging industry, while there are more than 7,500 types in Germany.
In January 1998, China's certification body signed the International Multilateral Recognition of Quality Management System Certification (IAF/MLA) in Guangzhou with the International Accreditation Forum (IAF). Because the IAF/MLA agreement has played an active role in international trade in organizations of corresponding countries, and holds ISO9000 certifications that are recognized by the country, more and more countries have expressed strong desire to join the IAF/MLA. So far, the IAF/M LA agreement has been ratified by 25 countries and two regional multilateral recognition agreement groups. In order to carry out global certification work and promote the development of international trade, the total of the 25 contracting countries and two group certification certificates currently awarded by the agreement has accounted for 90% of the total number of global certification certificates. Many companies in China have passed IAF/M LA certification.
4 The integration of certification trends As mentioned above, the ISO14000 environment system and the ISO9000 quality system audit, certification, accreditation and mutual recognition process and its management requirements have very similar characteristics, in order to avoid duplication of work, easy integration audit, certification, and approval In the coordination of mutual recognition, the International Organization for Standardization has taken measures to merge related international standards into integrated international standards.
The International Organization for Standardization has adopted ISO 10011-1 "Guidance on Quality System Auditing - Review", ISO10011-2 "Evaluation Criteria for Quality System Auditors", SO10011-3 "Management of Auditing Work" and ISO14010 "Guidance on Environmental Auditing - General The six criteria, including Principles, ISO14011 Environmental Management System Audit, and ISO14012 Eligibility Requirements for Environmental Auditors, were merged into one international standard, the new standard for the ISO19011 Quality and Environmental Management System Audit Guidelines. At present, ISO19011 has issued a DIS release at the end of 2000 and will be officially released as an international standard in 2001.
In addition, guidelines for the requirements of environmental certification and quality certification bodies will also be integrated into an international standard. With regard to the requirements of accreditation bodies, the current ISO/IEC Guide 61 applies to accreditation bodies for quality system certification, environmental protection system certification, product certification and personnel certification, and accredited institutions to carry out integrated quality and environmental management system certification body accreditation services. Fully applicable.
Regarding international multilaterally recognized policies and procedures for the certification of quality and environmental management systems, the current IAF's “Policy and Procedures for Multilaterally Recognized Agreements†is an integrated document that applies to both quality system certification, environmental system certification, and product certification. Recognition process.
All in all, the integration of ISO14000 and ISO9000 audits, certifications, accreditation and mutual recognition has become a global common demand and direction of development. In the new century, it will become the dominant international certification development.
5 Packaging industry certification measures 5.1 Strengthening international certification awareness With the advent of WTO accession and the rapid development of foreign trade during the “10th Five-Year Plan†period, the international certification of China's product packaging has become more necessary and more important. Many people's attention. Needless to say, at present, China's packaging companies are not fully aware of this. Some people think that international certification does not matter, and some people fear the expense of human and financial resources, and lack the sense of urgency brought about by China's accession to the WTO. It is suggested that the China Association of China’s China Association for Bags strengthen the publicity and leadership of international certification and keep up with the international situation.
5.2 Attention to Validity of Validity Validity of certification mainly includes: effectiveness of the management system established according to the certification standards; validity of the certificate; and effectiveness of the certification.
The effectiveness of the management system refers to whether the management system established by the company according to the standard has brought about results for the company to create business results. An effective management system should at least reflect the following aspects: (1) To achieve the organization's quality and environmental protection guidelines and objectives; (2) The continuous and stable product quality meets the requirements and improve, the product meets the environmental protection requirements; (3) Continuously improve the degree of customer satisfaction, that is, implement the CS strategy; (4) Continuous quality and environmental improvement mechanisms have been completed.
The validity of the certificate refers to whether the certificate held by the certificated company can be recognized and accepted by foreign customers, whether it can increase the credibility and market competitiveness of the product, and it can play a role in domestic trade activities in international trade.
5.3 Choosing an appropriate certification body "Scientific, fair, authoritative and effective" is the basic requirement and action guide for certification. Therefore, choosing the appropriate certification body can not only guarantee the validity of the certification work, but also effectively guarantee the enterprise certification. For example, the International Accreditation Forum's Multilateral Agreement on Certification (IAF/MLA) has 25 signatory countries and two regional groups, with a total of more than 50 countries, and the total number of its certification certificates has accounted for 90% of the world's total.
The IAF/MLA agreement has been signed by 25 countries: the United States, Canada, Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, France, Norway, Finland, South Africa, Ireland, Brazil, Malaysia. , Singapore, South Korea, Czech Republic and Belgium; the two regional multilateral recognition agreement groups are: European Accreditation Cooperation (EA, containing 14 countries) and Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (PAC, including 10 countries). In addition, Indonesia and Authorized institutions in two countries in Thailand have joined the PAC multilateral recognition agreement and will soon be officially accepted as new members of the IAF/M LA.
5.4 Strengthen the management of certification With the continuous and rapid development of the certification business, the influence of certification is increasing, and people are paying more and more attention. Maintaining and improving the effectiveness of certification, and maintaining the international reputation of certification, is the long-term goal of China's quality certification and environmental protection certification. Practice has proved that China’s certification work is highly effective. According to the survey conducted by the China National Accreditation Center for Conformity Assessment, more than 90% of certified companies (including packaging companies) have significantly improved their product quality and environmental protection.
5.5 Introduction to China's certification bodies At present, there are many certification bodies and certification consulting organizations in China. However, there are some problems in China's certification consulting industry, and there are many problems. For more than 20,000 packaging companies in China, it is necessary to properly select the appropriate certification body. Such as import and export products can be selected China Import and Export Quality Certification Center (CQC), which has branches in 34 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions nationwide to provide quality, environmental protection system certification and assessment work for various types of enterprises at home and abroad, and undertake the country Inspection, inspection
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